November 2001 - VOLUME 22 - NUMBER 11
T H E F R O N T
The Cipro Rip-OffThe prospect of bioterrorism on a massive scale has painted the Bush
administration into a corner, as it tried to address demands for price
reductions on the anti-anthrax drug Cipro while maintaining an anti-generics
position in international trade negotiations. When the anthrax scare first hit, Cipro was understood to be the drug
of choice for treatment. Secretary of Health and Human Services Tommy
Thompson said he wanted a stockpile adequate to treat 10 million exposed
persons. That meant he needed 1.2 billion Cipro pills (the treatment regimen
is two pills for 60 days). Bayer, which holds the disputed patent rights
to Cipro in the United States, could not meet that demand in a timely
fashion. For the drugs it was able to supply, Bayer was charging the government
$1.89 per pill. The drugstore price was more than $4.50. Indian companies
sell a generic version of the same drug for less than 20 cents. In October, Senator Charles Schumer, D-New York, called on the administration
to use its authority, under existing law, to issue compulsory licenses
to generic companies to make Cipro for sale to the government. We cannot just rely on Bayer to ensure we have a sufficient supply
of Cipro, Schumer said. First, Bayer can only produce so much
Cipro, and we should not put our best response to anthrax in the hands
of just one manufacturer. Second, buying Cipro only from Bayer
who charges a lot more than generic manufacturers would means
we spend a lot more and receive a lot less. Hopefully, we wont even
need to use the Cipro we already have on hand, but if we make arrangements
to purchase it from multiple generic drug manufacturers, well have
it if we need it. Schumers call for generic competition cast a spotlight on Bayers
monopoly control over Cipro controversial, in that generic companies
had sued to challenge Bayers patent, but dropped suit upon receiving
payment from Bayer [see Names in the News, this issue]
and its resultant power to set prices and limit supply. But the Bush administration chose not to exercise its authority to introduce
generic competition. With the spotlight shining on Bayers price-gouging for Cipro, however,
the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) was forced into action.
Against a backdrop that he might be forced to issue compulsory licenses
if Bayer refused to drop the price, Secretary of HHS Tommy Thompson cut
a deal with the company to lower Cipro prices, agreeing on a price tag
of 95 cents a pill. The Washington Post reported soon after that HHS pays Bayer 45 cents
per Cipro pill for purchases under a separate government program. Nonetheless, Thompson and Bayer congratulated each other on HHSs
tough negotiating skills and Bayers generosity. This agreement means that a much larger supply of this important
pharmaceutical product will be available if needed, Thompson said.
The beneficial price also means that we can have more funds available
to assist state and local health responders to be ready for all eventualities.
I commend the Bayer Corporation for its ongoing efforts to ensure a fully
adequate supply of this valuable product. Bayer is fully committed to supplying America in its war on bioterrorism,
said Bayer president Helge Wehmeier. This agreement between Bayer
and the Department of Health and Human Services is an important security
measure that will enable the nation to have in its stockpile ample supplies
of Cipro to combat the threat of anthrax. Cipro has become standard for
anthrax treatment. The men and women of Bayer are 100 percent committed
to delivering this vital antibiotic to the U.S. government on schedule. Activists campaigning to improve access to essential medicines had a
different take. The government is cutting corners on public health to protect its
negotiating position in the Doha World Trade Organization meeting,
said James Love, director of the Consumer Project on Technology, where
the issue of compulsory licensing of drugs, and imports under a compulsory
license where a country does not have domestic capacity for production,
is a central issue, with the United States, Canada and the European Union
opposing the Africa group. Americans are being put at risk in order to
protect the pharmaceutical companies doing business in Africa and other
developing countries. The issue, said Asia Russell of the Health GAP Coalition, was that the
U.S. government did not want to set a precedent that could be used
against the U.S. administration at the upcoming WTO meeting. If U.S. officials had agreed to license production of generic ciprofloxacin,
she said, all their arguments against patent flexibility in poor
countries seeking generic AIDS drugs would have fallen to pieces
and Robert Zoellick, the U.S. Trade Representative, wouldnt tolerate
that, no matter how high the stakes. Thousands die daily from untreated
AIDS globally, and Zoellick is blocking the use of common-sense strategies
among poor countries to promote generic AIDS drug access. If a desire to avoid a precedent was their goal, however, the administration
failed. It was enough that the threat of compulsory licensing loomed over
the HHS negotiations with Bayer. Brazil quickly alleged hypocrisy in the
U.S. position noting U.S. willingness to use compulsory licensing
at home (or at least the threat) while working to effectively block poor
countries use of the same policy tool, as did the New York Times.
When the federal government wanted to stockpile the antibiotic
Cipro as a treatment for anthrax, the Times editorialized, Health
and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson persuaded Bayer, the patent
holder, to cut the price of the drug by threatening to buy generic versions.
Yet the Bush administration is derailing efforts by poor countries ravaged
by AIDS to facilitate their efforts to do the same. The Cipro issue also sparked new efforts to consider how intellectual
property rules affect health care in the United States. Some consumer
groups have sued to challenge Bayers patent on Cipro. Others are
using the Cipro example to oppose a fast-moving Congressional proposal
to extend patent terms for drugs companies that undertake studies on how
their drugs affect children [see Behind the Lines, this issue]. As a more structural response, Representative Sherrod Brown, D-Ohio,
introduced legislation, H.R. 3235, the Public Health Emergency Medicines
Act, that would reiterate the governments ability to do compulsory
licensing in case of public health emergency (the government currently
has this right, without regard to situation of national emergency) and
establish that compensation paid to patent holders should be reasonable.
It lists a variety of criteria to determine reasonability, including how
much the patent holder invested and risked in the drugs development,
and how significant the government contribution was to the drugs
research and development. It also would permit the government to authorize
generic producers to manufacture on-patent drugs in the United States
for export to countries undergoing public health emergencies. Robert Weissman |